期刊论文

• Li, D., Zang, L., & Zhao, X. (2026). Satisfying personal preference or being considerate? The protagonist's preference matters in children's evaluation of social mindfulness. British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
• Hu, Y., Shu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2026). Children consider changes in performance over time when reasoning about academic achievements. npj Science of Learning.
• Zhao, X., & Hu, Y. (2026). The belief-behavior link: The relationship between children’s beliefs about constraints on academic achievement and their persistence and challenge-seeking behaviors. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 264, 106431.
• Zhu, T., Chang, X., Zhao, X., & Scott, R. M. (2025). Essentialist Beliefs About Status-Related Social Categories in China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 00220221251319508.
• Yu, X., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Do Bad People Deserve Prosociality? Pre-Schoolers’ Selective Evaluation of Social Mindfulness Based on the Beneficiary’s Moral Character. Journal of Cognition and Development, 1-14.
• Hok, H., Gerdin, E., Zhao, X., & Shaw, A. (2025). When should the majority rule?: Children's developing intuitions about majority rules voting. Cognition, 260, 106128.
• Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2024). Children’s consideration of motivation in evaluations of socially (un) mindful actions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 245, 105960.
• Flanagan, T., Zhao, X., Xu, F., & Kushnir, T. (2024). Is it personal or is it social? The interaction of knowledge domain and statistical evidence in US and Chinese preschoolers’ social generalizations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
• Guo, R., Li, D., & Zhao, X. (2024). Children consider “who” and “what” when reasoning about rule changes: A comparative study of children from two cultures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 01650254241246238.
• Li, S., & Zhao, X. (2024). Choosing Among Undesirable Options: Children Consider Desirability of Available Choices in Evaluation of Socially Mindful Actions. Cognitive Science, 48(4), e13441.
• Wu, W., Zhang, Q., & Zhao, X. (2023). Who makes the choice? The influence of choice on preschoolers’ sharing behaviors and feelings. Acta Psychologica Sinica
• Yang, X., Zhao, X., Dunham, Y., & Bian, L. (in press). The development and predictors of a preference for strivers over naturals in the United States and China. Child Development
• Zang, L., Li, D., & Zhao, X. (2023). Preference matters: Knowledge of beneficiary’s preference influences children’s evaluations of the act of leaving a choice for others. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 228, 105605.
• Zhao, X., & Yang, X. (2022). She succeeded despite lack of ability or resources: Children’s consideration of constraint in beliefs and reasoning about academic achievement. Developmental Psychology
• Zhao, X., Li, D., & Yang, X. (2022). The relationship between preschoolers' understanding of considerate socially-mindful actions and theory of mind. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(8), 892.
• Zhao, X. & Kushnir, T. (2022). When it's not easy to do the right thing: Developmental changes in understanding cost drive evaluations of moral praiseworthiness. Developmental Science e13257.
• Zhao, X., Wente, A., Fernandez-Flecha, M., Segvia Galvan, D., Gopnik, A. & Kushnir, T. (2021). Culture Moderates the Relationship Between Self-Control Ability and Free Will Beliefs in Childhood. Cognition, 210, 104609.
• Zhao, X., Zhao, X., Gweon, H., & Kushnir, T. (2021). Leaving Choice for Others: Children’s understanding of considerate actions. Child Development, 92(4), 1238-1253.
• Wente, A., Zhao, X., Gopnik, A. Kang, C., & Kushnir, T. (2020). The Developmental and Cultural Origins of Our Beliefs About Self-Control. In Mele, A. (Ed) Philosophy and Science of Self Control
• Zhao, X.& Kushnir, T. (2019). How U.S. and Chinese children talk about moral, conventional and personal choices. Cognitive Development
• Zhao, X. & Kushnir, T. (2019) She helped even though she wanted to play: Children consider psychological costs in social evaluations. Proceedings of the 41st annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
• Zhao, X.& Kushnir, T. (2017). Young children consider individual authority and collective agreement when deciding who can change rules. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
• Zhao, X.& Kushnir, T. (2016). Children’s Awareness of Authority to Change Rules in Various Social Contexts. Proceedings of the 38th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
• Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Seiver, E., Zhu, L., & Gopnik, A. (2016). How Universal Are Free Will Beliefs? Cultural Differences in Chinese and US 4‐and 6‐Year‐Olds. Child Development, 87, 666-676.
• Wang, H., Sun, P., Ip, C., Zhao, X.,& Fu, S. (2015). Configural and featural face processing are differently modulated by attentional resources at early stages: An event-related potential study with rapid serial visual presentation. Brain research, 1602, 75-84.
• Zhao, X., Yuan, J., Xu, Y., Fu, S. (2014). What is the “object”? An introduction of mechanisms and influence factors of Object-Based Attention. Advances in Psychological Science

主持的研讨会

• Following Authorities, Goals, or Groups? New Perspectives on Children’s Normative Reasoning and Behavior. Society for Research in Child Development 2017 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2017)
• Keeping others in mind: New evidence for selective and effective prosociality in toddlers and young children. Society for Research in Child Development 2019 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2019)

会议报告

• Hu, Y., Zhang, W., & Zhao, X. (2025). Why Did They Fail? Children's Understanding of Failures of Individuals from Different Socio-Economic Backgrounds. Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
• Su, Y., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Leveraging Strengths or Addressing Weaknesses? Children's Reasoning About Effort Allocation in Academic Context. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
• Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Good Outcome or Enjoyable Process? Children's Understanding of the Value of Effort and its Impact on Persistence. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
• Zhang, W., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025). Smart or Hardworking? Children's Explanation and Preference of Publicizing Smartness or Effort. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
• Li, D., McGuire, L., Zhao, X., & Rutland, A. (2025). Children Consider Group Membership When Behaving with Social Mindfulness. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
• Zhao, X., Wang, W., Liu, X., & Yang, X. (2025). Being Unsatisfied is Worse than Being Poor: Children's Evaluations of Material vs. Psychological Wealth. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2025 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2025)
• Zhao, X., Wu, W., & Zhang, W. (2024). Who Makes the Choice? The Influence of Choice Freedom on Children’s Prosocial Behavior. Poster Presentation, 27th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD 2024)
• Zhao, X., & Li, Z, Shu, Y., & Yang, T. (2024). The development of socially mindful behaviors in early childhood and adolescence. Poster Presentation, 27th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD 2024)
• Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2024) Children’s reasoning about overcoming constraints in academic achievement and their relationship to persistence and challenge-seeking. Poster Presentation, 27th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development (ISSBD 2024)
• Hu, Y., Shu, Y., & Zhao, X. Children consider changes in performance over time when reasoning about academic achievements. Poster Presentation, Cognitive Development Society 2024 Biennial Meeting (CDS 2024)
• Su, Y., Hu, Y., & Zhao, X. Process or outcome? Children’s understanding of the value of effort. Poster Presentation, Cognitive Development Society 2024 Biennial Meeting (CDS 2024)
• Zhao, X., & Li, Z. The development of socially mindful behaviors in early childhood. Individual Talk, Cognitive Development Society 2024 Biennial Meeting (CDS 2024)
• Zhao, X., & Li, D. The Relationship Between Preschoolers’ Understanding of Considerate Socially-mindful Actions and Theory of Mind. Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
• Zhu, T., Chang, X., Zhao, X., & Scott, R.M. Essentialist beliefs about SES and residency in Chinese young adults. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
• Zhang, Q., Wu, W., & Zhao, X. Who Makes the Choice? The Influence of Choice Freedom on Children’s Prosocial Behavior. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
• Hu, Y., She, Y., & Zhao, X. Children consider changes in performance over time when reasoning about academic achievements. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
• Li, D., Zang, L., & Zhao, X. Children Consider the Beneficiary’s Preference in Evaluations of Socially Mindful Actions. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023).
• Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. Children Consider Prosocial and Reputational Motivations in Evaluations of Socially Mindful Actions. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
• Zhao, X. Children’s Beliefs and Evaluations About Overcoming Constraints in Academic Achievement and their Relationship to Persistence. Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2023 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2023)
• Zhao, X., Yang, X., & Yuhang Shu. Children Consider Constraints and performance over time in Intuitive Theories of Achievement, Individual Talk, Society for Research in Child Development 2021 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2021)
• Zhao, X. & Yang, X. Children’s Understanding of Rule Creation and its Relation to Daily Social Behaviors, Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2021 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2021)
• Zhao, X.,& Kushnir, T. She Helped Even Though She Wanted to Play: Children Consider Psychological Cost in Social Evaluations. Poster Presentation, Society for Research in Child Development 2019 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2019)
• Zhao, X., Zhao, X., Gweon, H., & Kushnir, T. Leaving Choice for Others: Children’s Evaluation of Considerate Actions. Individual Talk, Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SPP 2018)
• Zhao, X., Gweon, H., & Kushnir, T. Leaving Choice for Others: Children’s Understanding of Social Mindfulness. Poster Presentation, 2017 Bienniel Meetings of Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2017)
• Zhao, X., Shtulman, A., & Kushnir, T. Differentiating Immoral Actions from Impossible Actions: Children’s Beliefs about Choosing to Perform Deviant Actions. Poster Presentation, 2017 Bienniel Meetings of Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2017)
• Zhao, X., Kang, C., Wente, A.O., Gopnik, A., Zhu,L., & Kushnir, T. The Relationship Between Inhibitory Control and Free Will Beliefs in 4-to 8-year-olds across Three Cultures. Individual talk, Society for Philosophy and Psyhology (SPP 2017)
• Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. How U.S. and Chinese children talk about moral, conventional and personal choice. Poster presentation, The 23rd Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology 2016
• Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. Children’s awareness of authority to change rules in various social contexts. Poster presentation, 2016 meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SPP)
• Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. Children’s awareness of authority to change rules in various social contexts. Individual talk, 2016 Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2016)
• Self-Control and Conceptions of Free Will, Desire and Normative Constraint: A Cross-Cultural Developmental Investigation. 2015 Philosophy and Science of Self-Control Conference (PSSC 2015)
• Zhao, X., Kushnir, T. How children and parents talk about moral, conventional and personal choice. Poster presentation, Ninth Biennial Meeting of the Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2015)
• Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Li, J., Lin, Z., Seiver, E., Zhu, L., Gopnik, A. Physical causal reasoning in Chinese and American 4-and 6-year-olds, Society for Research in Child Development 2015 Biennial Meeting (SRCD 2015)
• Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Gopnik, A., Zhu, L., Seiver, E. Cultural variability in young children’s folk intuitions about free will. Poster presentation, 2014 Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2014)
• Wente, A. O., Bridgers, S., Zhao, X., Gopnik, A., Zhu, L., Seiver, E. Do you have to eat the cookie or could you choose not to? The development of U.S. and Chinese children’s beliefs about free will. Poster presentation, Eighth Biennial Meeting of the Cognitive Development Society (CDS 2013)